Thursday, September 25, 2014

How to Reset an Unsustainable Society

Implementation of a sustainable foundation to an automobile centric culture

A community’s growth is paramount to its future.  Since the automobile is totally unsustainable, all automobile centric growth is also unsustainable.  By adhering to the claim “that’s just the way things are” and continuing to use automobiles as the foundation for community growth is the acceptance of willing ignorance for a destructive pattern of urban growth.  Urban growth in the US since the 1920s has altered its original transit oriented design from train and street car orientation to what it is today: urban sprawl; a conglomeration of unsustainable automobile oriented development.  To have a future that is sustainable, urban growth has to be re-established on a sustainable foundation with efficient mobility.
 
Many of the Western Society downtowns have lost their functionality as commerce centers.  To re-create commerce, these downtown commercial centers have to have a functional transit system to effectively use their original transit oriented design.  Throughout the country are examples of cities having patterns of land-use change by their abandoned street car system in the early 1930s.  Although these cities were built with transit oriented land-use designs they are now changed to automobile centric land-use design. 

Revitalization efforts in successful downtown areas include a mobility component carrying large numbers of people throughout the downtown areas.  These transit systems have served to reinstitute the function of the original transit oriented designs of downtown areas.  These revitalization efforts allow downtowns to once again maintain land-use positions of regional financial hubs of commerce.

The necessity of sustainable mobility is crucial to urban growth.

In the late 1960’s the federal government established National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), in 1970 California established the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA).  Although many people claim the laws are restricting and obtrusive, the intent of regulating guidelines creates a healthier environment.  It is an unfortunate consequence of politics that government regulations are manipulated by industries lobbying corrupted self-serving agendas of greed.

In 2006 California passed AB32 which set into law a target of air quality to meet 1990 measures by 2020.  In 2008 SB 375 was passed, which mandated the AB32 targets.  These mandate the MPOs (Metropolitan Planning Organizations) to find a way to comply with Air Resource Board (ARB) targets.  SB 375 augments CARB’s (California Air Resource Board) ability to reach the AB 32 goals by demanding regional greenhouse gas emission reductions are achieved from the automobile and light truck sectors for 2020 and 2035.  There are 18 MPOs in California the ARB will work with towards achieving its goal in the regional transportation, housing and land-use plans to prepare “sustainable communities strategy” (SCS) for each region.
 
These SCS plans were envisioned to reduce the amount of vehicle miles traveled in the most powerful way for California to lower its carbon footprint.  These newly enacted laws are designed to accelerate this necessary transition towards transit oriented urban growth, promote the rapid development of a cleaner, low-carbon economy, create vibrant livable communities; and improve the ways we travel and move goods throughout the state.

However, most of the MPOs and city planners are staffed by schooled workers regimented with a strict policy of compliance orientation.  There is a disproportionate absents of thought capability to “think out of the box” when the voice of their choir is “the box”.   There also is a necessary requirement to garner changed perspective to replace automobile centric urban growth.  The MPOs are caught up in “mapping” and newly marketed computerized techniques of modeling.   It is ludicrous to use the word sustainability and continue urban planning based on the automobile; while considering that an adherence to transit oriented urban expansion.  The resolve of city planners in accommodating SCS legislative mandates is forcing smaller lot size requirements onto tract housing developers.   This is the receipt for oblivious acumen.
 
The transit oriented design is not acquiescent to automobile use.  The consequence to this nonconformity is a dysfunctional land-use design.
 
Philosophically speaking, there has been a suicidal tendency of US society since the assassination of President Kennedy.  Western culture once had a goal driven direction of striving to greatness and achievement for the good of mankind.  Over the past five decades it has been caught in the vortex of self-seeking gratification and politics that elevates a dictatorship government by psychopathic narcissists. The grandiose speech of President Kennedy when man landed on the moon; was the last grand speech spoken by a politician regarding man’s instinctive nature to seek and explore as their directive to achievement.  The dichotomy of politics is that a bird needs two wings to fly: a left wing and a right wing.  Politics of the left have created an impaling ultra conservative social agenda that fails in letting people strive for greatness on their own merit.  Politics of the right declare that government is intrusive while at the same time invoking the over-regulation of intrusive government.

Where is the US space program that required innovation and created the long list of products we use today?  What happened to the promised Moon colonies, Mars exploration, and the achievement of innovation?  Where are the startling innovations of our bright future?  They were lost into the stagnation of deceitful social blight.  We need the jobs created from manufacturing in weightless environments, new technologies and building parts for further space exploration more than feeding on the lies of racism controversy.  Whose idea was it that declared it is better to give welfare money and nurture the dysfunction of doing nothing rather than having self-worth with a job and providing for one’s self? 
    
The status-quo of a non-sustainable culture is problematic on every level. 
    
Capitalism is market driven.  Capital costs in building infrastructure for a community wide transit system are expensive.  The only way to reach sustainable urban growth is to use a new form of sustainable transportation.  To expend $hundreds of millions for unproven technology is not a risk bureaucratically compelled personnel could support.  Hence, the ongoing deterioration of problem oriented urban growth.
 
Building a sustainable urban environment requires sustainable transportation.  Capital cost infrastructure outlays for new technology transit are the most affordable of all transportation systems.  There are three factors to sustainable transportation: environmental requirements, economy need, and social demands.  All three expanses are directly related to mobility and within the ability of private sector development. Legislative mandate has established guidelines for the private sector to develop sustainable urban growth and yet it is the political pursuit of corrupted status-quo that stagnates and disrupts the progress of sustainability. 

Current environmental, economic, and social problems are directly attributed to the arrangement of unsustainable urban growth based on automobile centric land-use design.  Convenience of the automobile is offset by the intrusive increase to their numbers, exacerbating the problems.
 
The demand for transportation is proportionate to the population. As the population is growing, transportation needs grow at a proportionally greater rate. With the growing population, there is an increased demand for land and mobility. Gasoline price increases at the pump will continue to increase with inflation, and depletion of oil supply.

The importance of introducing new technological industries into the automobile centric based society is economic growth of job creation.  As the industrial revolution began manufacturing and computers have led to the information revolution, mankind’s next step in intellectual evolution is the field of mobility. 

The automobile is not a sustainable technology.  The societal impacts from our car culture have blemished many areas of our lives and continue as the current state of urban development opposes the legislative concept of NEPA and CEQA regulations.  The necessity of sustainable mobility is crucial to urban growth.

The automobile centric urban society is incapable of carrying its ongoing pattern of economic, social and environmental destruction.  How then does a culture reset?  Through a natural progression of entrepreneurial efforts without the insatiability intrusion of greed driven political self-indulgence.  A cultural reset happens from sustainable urban growth by implementing new technology transit systems which allows sustainable transit oriented urban growth.  The significance of this is growth; for in growth there is environmental justice and social opportunity.

Friday, September 5, 2014

Advanced Transit Technology for Sustainability

New technology transit is the solution to building sustainable urban growth

Regarding new technology transit; in the process of disruptive innovation, there is a tremendous lack of understanding and much prejudges.  Many of the people involved in academic and other bureaucratic agencies wordsmith ‘new’ from status-quo.  The fact remains: there is no sustainability regarding the automobile.  It is foolish to regard automated automobiles or automated bus ticketing as advanced transit in the sense of referring such technology to sustainable urban growth. 

The innovation of new technology transit; also referred to as advanced transit is system technology; rather than merely a single type of vehicle.  There are two industry categories identifying vehicle size: PRT (Personal Rapid Transit) and GRT (Group Rapid Transit).  New technology transit systems fit into to the model for environmentally sustainable urban growth by using clean energy with advanced automated technology.  Some systems deliver the convenience of on-demand and direct to destination transit capability.  If the system technology isn’t automated it isn’t new or advanced.  Heavy rail train technology stems from the 1800’s, consumes massive amounts of energy and is not on the advanced transit list.  Energy efficient designs require the versatility of light-weight vehicle size.

System designs of advanced transit include solar electric generation for power, computerized operation: for increased vehicle frequencies and destination targeting, passenger stress relief of navigation, with low noise levels.  For public accessibility, existing public Rights-Of-Ways (ROW) can be used to implement this system technology and maximize a community’s overall economic productivity by reducing traffic wait times.  To afford increases of heavier ridership new technology transit is automated to comply with an increase in frequency of vehicle’s headway (distance between vehicles). 

In urban planning, demand for transportation is proportionate to the population.  As populations grow, transportation loads expand at a proportionally greater rate; there is an enlarged appetite for land consumption and a density increase of mobility.  By investing in an on-demand transit system, traffic congestion is eased through the use and application of this advanced technology.  By the implementation of new technology transit in regional urban planning, the increased traffic loads are mitigated. 

As the automobile is wholly unsustainable, even the compositions of its oil base surface streets are hazardous to ground water.  The massive proliferation of roads, automobiles and parking lots are ecologically tragic and too costly to continue as a viable resource for mobility. 

Magnetic levitation (maglev) advanced transit systems provide mobility solutions for true environmental sustainability.  In part, for efficiency in non-train maglev transit systems are the two fundamentals: weight and resistance. 

In comparing maglev; automobile technology requires a 3,000 pound vehicle to carry a single 200 pound load.  The advanced maglev technology transit system can carry a 500 pound load propelled by a ¼ horse electric motor (Lev-X).  The efficiency to advanced transit maglev technology is in its design of lightweight vehicle systems.  Without contact to the ground a maglev vehicle creates a virtually weightless or maintenance free efficiency.  Resistance caused by the friction of moving parts in an automobile causes horrendous inefficiencies.  There are no moving parts on a passive magnetic guideway: the load carrying vehicles are levitated by the magnetic force of the passive guideway; and therefore not attached as moving parts.

Maglev transit technology is sustainable transportation.  Sustainable urban growth requires maglev technology to proliferate.  The most efficient form of transportation is found with passive magnetic guideways.  Passive magnetic guideways are a different technological approach than the methodology used to electrify guideways with electromagnetism found in train technology systems.  Electrified guideway technology seen in the commercialized Transrapid train system in Shanghai and other train systems being developed are much more complicated, archaic in system design, culturally inefficient (time wasted to be taken to inconvenient destinations) and very costly.  The cost of building non-electrified guideway infrastructure for smaller lightweight vehicles is substantially more economic.  Smaller vehicle sized, non-train and direct to destination technology is efficient and sustainable.  

New technology maglev transit technology systems, projects completed or in development:
*HSST (Japan)
Rotem (Korea)
Maglevision (Philippines)
*Transrapid (Germany; Shanghai, China)
Autoshuttle (German)
*Central Japan Railway Co. (JR Tokai) (Japan)
*Yamanashi Maglev Test facility (Japan)
*Maglev 2000; aka: American Maglev Star - AMS (Florida), Magneticglide (Virginia, Danby and Powell)
American Maglev (Georgia)
Magnemotion (M3)(Massachuetts)
*Magplane Tecnology (Massachusetts)
Fastransit (NY)
Applied Levitation (CA)
Urban Maglev (General Atomics) (San Diego)
Modern Transport Systems (MTSC) (CA)
Knolle Magnetrans (CA)
Unimodal, (CA)
Lev-X (WA)
ET3, (Colorado)
Zhonghua 6 (China)
Beijing Enterprises Holding Maglev Technology Development Co. Ltd (China)
*Train technology, non-advanced system

Maglev systems can be designed to encompass global travel.  With no resistance and encapsulated in a reduced air tube for further reduction of air resistance; one maglev system in development has computer simulated its travel speed at Mach 6 with an efficiency rate incomparable to any other form of transportation system (ET3). 

High efficiency in new technology transit systems is found in the agility of vehicle size, smaller vehicles which weigh less; requiring less intensive infrastructure.  Another ingredient of non-train new technology transit technology is interactive computerization of vehicle and track (guideway) switching; which lowers system maintenance, increases safety and efficiency with bypassing unwarranted station stops. 

It is impractical to believe all passengers on a train in our modern society would have the same destination.  As a train passenger of the 2000s, why should any rider be inconvenienced to constantly waste their time for every other passenger to board and exit along the route, then be forced to be taken somewhere other than the door of their destination and obligated to obtain other means of transportation to and from a passenger loading station?  Trains provided a marvelous service for society’s transportation needs when train systems began delivering passengers in the 1800s.  In the early 1900s buses provided lower initial infrastructure costs and yet are not able to offer convenience of independent travel needs. 

A trip through Wikipedia would lead one to believe that all maglev transit systems are about trains.  Google searches pull up hundreds of articles written by onlookers who know little about disruptive transit technology.   “Trains of the future” or “transportation of the future” are the popular misconceived phrases.  Train technology began in the 1830s and the calendar says that was 180 years ago.  Train technology reached its peak of technological triumph in the early 1900s with steam engines.  Modern day train technology has progressed along with the hybrid automobile and yet, trains are a part of the past; not future. 

Western society has grown and there have been technological advances since 1830.  The trains that established Western society were replaced by the independence that the automobile brought in the early 1900s. Society today has diverse destinations and everyone has their own schedule.  Trains are incapable of providing this heavy schedule diversification of origination and destination location that our culture requires.

PRT (Personal Rapid Transit) technology is the only plausible transportation solution for future mobility and sustainable urban growth.  There are certainly incremental steps to reach significant system build-outs and GRT (Group Rapid Transit) systems are adequate technologies to carry transportation towards sustainable urban growth.

Sunday, August 31, 2014

Solutions to Unsustainable Automobile Centric Urban Growth

Resolving the sustainability issues of an automobile centric society

Understanding of urban growth is one of the most important social concepts but, one of the least desirable and most complicated of typical conversations.

There is an obligatory moral responsibility to real estate developers wherein profit has to be secondary.  The first obligation must be towards creating urban growth that can endure future generations.  There is no governmental mandate capable of mandating such a requirement.  Sustainable transportation with responsible development allows urban growth to have social equality and environmental justice.   Without a source of sustainable transportation, all urban growth is utterly irresponsible.  The trend of contemporary ‘green’ talk produces more vacuous rhetoric than sustainable solutions; meaning that there can be no sustainability regarding urban growth without a fully sustainable mode of transportation and that the automobile centric urban design is incapable of sustainability.

On board with the popularity of green talk is the political arrogance of ignorant intrusion from government regulation stifling innovation from finding solutions towards creating sustainable urban growth.  The current move of government mandate is forcing controversial global warming policies into consolidation of private land use development.  The logic of increasing traffic loads through small lot sized land restriction for living space is a mystery in its effect towards lowering earth’s heat in the atmosphere.  

With less money spent on property purchases due to governmental mandates of increased housing density, the developer is the lone beneficiary.  With minimized and zero lot lines, where is quality of life improvement for residents?  The automobile is unsustainable; an automobile based society can never reach sustainability no matter what size real estate lots are. 

Reaching a future able to endure population growth requires an efficient foundational transportation source.  Urban growth expansion has to be based on sustainable mobility.

Since the automobile is the current single source of populace mobility, a rapid transition is unrealistic.  Therefore, to reach the objective of restructuring entire societies based on the automobile, the necessity of removing the automobile as the primary source of transportation must be incremental.  A person’s familiarity to the automobile produces resistance when faced with removing the automobile from societal use.  That familiarity can be avoided when a more advantageous mode of transportation becomes available.  Innovations in new technology transit are opportunities for communities to have convenient, efficient and more affordable mobility options.  Government is unable to be the innovator of new technology transit implementation.  Government procedure is to continue its status-quo of urban growth.

On an immediate course towards long range goals and attain sustainable urban growth, the direction of status-quo in urban development has to be curtailed.  Intent driven governmental mandates fail at reaching to remove the core of unsustainability: the automobile.  The only way to attain sustainable urban growth is with the implementation of new technology transit.  The pattern of original Western Society growth built upon light-rail transit corridors can be re-implemented as an alternative transportation method.  Developing high density pockets surrounding station sites allows for concentrated urban growth without sacrificing larger acreage ranch lots in the outlying areas.  The original design of Western civilization urban growth in the US was transit oriented. The first course of action to secure a lasting future is to re-implement transit oriented urban designs.  Some government agencies have begun the simple re-implementation of these once existing light-rail corridors that were destroyed by the automobile centric urban design.  These pre-existing corridors were fundamental to early growth but, it was a different era; the transit systems were privately owned and operated.  They made a profit. 

Much of the approach to transit over the past 80 years has been as an outreach at a single section of the population.  This discriminatory government procedure has proven itself as a failure economically and is a social catastrophe.  Many bus systems are not designed and built as transportation systems but, are exclusionary to the welfare recipient and represent the core of bus ridership.  The routes travel from welfare and other social program centers during business hours.  To design such systems is inefficient in regards to any attempt of alternative form of transportation as a public transit system.  The misleading claim from government entities to call these bus systems any sort of public transit system is a misrepresentation of fact.  This type of heavy pollution distribution center is harmful to the environment, socially discriminatory and economically burdensome to the tax payer.

The status-quo in urban planning growth trends is compressed housing lots and horrid nightmare scenarios repeating socially engineered failures of government subsidized “project” housing.  These socially and economically segregated neighborhoods generate poverty ridden ghettos for government dependency to advance family decimation and crime. 

It is the nature of creativity to build solutions.

Nobel laureate William Vickrey authored a study for the Victoria Transport Policy Institute which shows real estate developer benefits with transit: “For the land developer, property owner access to a local transit system can raise property values in two ways. First, it gives this location an advantage over another, attracting residential and commercial development near a light rail station that otherwise would occur away from any sort of commerce center. Secondly, transit can increase overall productivity by reducing the area’s total transportation costs. These costs include the expense of transportation to consumers, businesses and governments for normally occurring costs of automobile usage.      
“Overall, reducing total transportation costs provide a catalyst for more clustered developmental patterns, providing economies of agglomeration, which will reduce the costs of providing public services, and increase productivity due to improved  accessibility  and  network  effects.   An increase of a few percentage points in property values and business productivity in the community, combined with a reduction of a few percentage points in automobile costs, can total hundreds of millions of dollars into the local economy.”  http://www.vtpi.org

Most transit-oriented studies generally reach the same conclusion: there is profitability in TODs (Transit Oriented Developments).  In a paper titled Rail Transit’s Value-Added: Effects of Proximity to Light and Commuter Rail Transit on Commercial land Values in Santa Clara County, California:
“Substantial capitalization benefits were found, on the order of 23 percent for a typical commercial parcel near a LRT stop and more than 120 percent for commercial land in business district and within a quarter mile of a commuter rail station.  Such evidence is of use not only too commercial developers and lenders but also to rail transit agencies embroiled in legal battles over purported negative externalities associated with being near rail. It can also help in designing creative financing, such as value capture programs.  Understanding the market value of properties near rail transit stops can also inform and elevate the practice of joint public-private development.”

In this modern day and age there is lack of justification for incorporating environmental, social and economically damaging antique transportation technology into future urban growth designs.  Solutions to embrace sustainable urban growth require common sense which must recognize that the automobile is unsustainable.  Sustainable transportation does exist with new technology transit.  New technology transit is disruptive innovation to traditional automobile and metropolitan busing.  It provides methods necessary for sustainable urban growth. 

Tuesday, August 12, 2014

The Politics Continue

From the latest in the oooh this is getting ridiculous category, the Fresno Bee, August 12, 2014 reports that the federal Surface Transportation Board gave California their authorization for construction of a 114 mile section of the HSR (high speed rail) from Fresno to Bakersfield.  Ridiculous is the fact that CA has spent nearly $1billion on the plan over the past 22 years and they don’t even have federal approval.  What’s more is that they can’t even get the three people on the federal approval board to agree that it is a worthwhile project.  Talk of delusional and out of touch, the STB in their report claims that the train will provide connectivity to airports and mass transit systems in the San Joaquin Valley.  This is an indication that the two STB votes were completely political.  Had the STB actually seen the proposed map it surly would have noticed the proposed line has nothing to do with connecting airports in the Valley.  Also, there is no money available now or anytime in the foreseeable future for any public mass transit systems anywhere in the Valley, outside of Sacramento.   

Wednesday, July 30, 2014

Slippery

The political greaseball known as CA's HSR (California's High Speed Rail) was hit with another down-turn of events yesterday when Fresno County Superviors voted to relinquish their support of the insider's gravy train.  The Business Journal, July 29, 2014, reported that the County Supervisors, in a 3-2 vote favored to terminate their support due to the misaligned agenda of the HSRA (high speed rail authority) that has strayed from what was promised to voters in 2008.

Thursday, July 24, 2014

News Flash on the HSR

Oh, this is so easy to predict but, is nauseating.  There is a 12cent to 76cent tax coming to the gas pumps in California on January 1, 2015.  The politicans connected to building CA's HSR (high speed rail) will suddenly discover the missing $40billion in their distorted underfunded budget and gain approval to justify the political insiders to increase personal pocketbooks for their gravy train.

Sunday, July 13, 2014

Social Impacts

Social Impacts of Automobile Centric Urban Growth

There are several areas of societal impacts relating to the automobile as the foundation of a society. The fundamental core in every urban population is transportation: how a person gets from one place to another.

The automobile was sold to the general public as a method of attaining independence.  By partaking in the feeling of independence, suburbia was created and progressed into uncontrollable sprawl.  One of the unforeseen aspects to this claim of freedom and independence was costs to its future.

Social isolationism 
In its proposition of independence, the automobile centric society evolved into a culture of social isolationism.  Standard procedure for people today is to get up from bed, walk outside to their car and drive to work with no social interactions.  Many people park in a parking lot, walk to an office and work an entire day without benefit of the interaction of close personal relationships and then drive home, lacking any relevant social interaction.   

The un-sustainability of the automobile reaches deep into an automobile based society.  The cultural implications of social isolationism and the myriad of health problems created by traffic congestion are yet to be fully investigated.

Prior to the automobile centric urban land-use design, Western Society had been building its urban growth upon the railroad and streetcars: a transit oriented land-use design.  That type of urban growth has characteristics of sustainability. 

The style of an automobile is created by designers.  Primary influences relevant to these designs are current trends in fashion.  Car sales are promoted by advertising agencies’ campaigns exclusively measured by fashion trends to encourage customer purchases.  While this is reasonable in business, its effects reach further than mere car sales in the automobile centric society. 

Every car manufactured can be visually ascertained to its decade of origination.  Further reaching implications of fashion can be seen in the patterns and styles of the tract housing built to accommodate automobile centric urban growth.  The houses built in the 1920s are different than those of the 1930s, 40s, 50s, etc., throughout newly built dwellings today; every decade can be visually distinguished in its style.

On the negative repercussions from fashion-only production in the automobile centric society is the consequence of worn out parts.  Trends in design no longer fashionable fade into a negative social enigma.  Outdated tract homes and strip malls no longer in vogue stimulate economic activity to newer growth centers of sprawl development.  The significance can be seen in every urban area that is several decades old. 

As clothing fashion styles change from season to season, the automobile and tract house styles make major shifts every decade.  Inasmuch as fashions quickly go out of date, each tract style becomes out of fad after a decade and a new tract house area becomes popular.  The nature of automobile centric society follows new trending patterns based on that era’s marketing popularity in cultural and sprawl development.

Building
Tract houses are designed by sprawl developers as fashion statements to maintain the status-quo of cyclic trends.  As the new areas are built-out over a decade, older areas are unable to compete with the newly created trend.  These older areas hold a lower real estate value and fall victim to loss of pride in ownership; often becoming lower maintained rental properties.  As they are beset by several decades, the mass produced quality of these deteriorated housing units are exposed to lower income and subsidized first time home buyers.  Economically these properties are higher loan risks with higher foreclosure rates. 

In the building industry, high quality home building in the sprawl sector of tract housing is treated as profanity.  Quick sales with high performance of speed in building quantity and low cost are the only goals of tract housing developers.  The prominent phrase dictated to the labor sector: “never look back” while preforming one’s particular industry trade routine.  This phrase means that a worker can not take the necessary time required to do high quality craftsmanship with the check and balances of one’s own work.  It is demanded of the worker to not look for mistakes and when flaws are found, the low contract bids don’t allow a sub-contractor time to look back but, only leave errors for someone else to take care of.  The rational in this methodology is that there isn’t enough money in the lowball bid process of high production to accommodate high quality.  The focus on tract housing is to generate profit through high quantity.  The designer warmth of security found in Styrofoam beams and faux stone are a psychological façade.  The absence of high quality craftsmanship and long lasting buildings in sprawl development is replaced by contracted fashion designers for the purpose of quick sales to create short term profit.   

As this short term profit making of poor quality building becomes problematic to future generations as the buildings deteriorate; is this a result of the automobile centric land-use design?  This is perhaps material for a philosophical discussion but, even if one might lean towards the answer of it having to do with the nature of greed in mankind taking advantage of one another and having little to do with a land-use issue, it is still a consequence of non-sustainability.

As a source of transportation, the automobile is only 100 years old.  There are no established measurements to quantify the effects of a society based upon this unsustainable foundation.  

Urban blight
In the Car Culture, urban blight is a corollary to automobile centric growth.  Urban blight is a process of cyclic design changes within the car culture.  Once these forgotten areas gather low value rental status, many properties are foreclosed and abandoned.  When abandoned properties are boarded up and chain linked fences become the norm, blight dominates the area.

One of the most accurate terms in identifying urban blight is visual hostility (the term from studies produced by Anastasia Loukaitou-Sideris, Ph.D., Chair, UCLA Dept, of Urban Planning).  Properties with graffiti filled walls, busted windows, rolled razor wire wrapped chain link fences, and warzone landscaping deliver the presents of abused neighborhoods.  These abandoned and economically decayed, visually hostile neighborhoods are socially negative environments.  Psychological ramifications of people (children) forced to live in this economic decay are psychologically effected but, undocumented as to the source and consequent outcome of such psychological ingestion. 

There is some analysis from social science observing this environment and has established the “broken windows theory”.  (In March 1982 an article by social scientists James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling titled "Broken Windows" appeared in The Atlantic Monthly. This theory considers a building with a few broken windows leading to an increase in more broken windows and crime.)   The primary discussion, however, of “broken windows” relates to crime and efforts for crime prevention.  This paper merely raises the point that the foundation of such environments is the nature of unsustainability with automobile centric urban growth.    

Another product of the unsustainable automobile centric land use is the social dysfunction of its human hostile design.  Detailing the importance sidewalks play in an urban environment, authors Anastasia Loukaitou-Sideris and Renia Ehrenfeucht in their book: Sidewalks: Conflict and Negotiation over Public Space, approach the topic of social interactions in land-use design. 

The topic of social actions resulting from environmental conditions was introduced into the urban planning community in the 1960s by author Jane Jacobs.  There is currently some conversation within the urban planning community which discusses the importance of social interaction. (More about government intrusion and their failed attempts at social engineering; in other posts.)  

Author, Malcolm Gladwell, in his book: The Tipping Point makes the point: “Even the smallest and subtlest and most unexpected of factors can affect the way we act.”  Of social interaction with isolationism in the automobile centric society, this statement makes one ponder how the car culture can find sustainability.